Biopharmaceutics classification by high throughput solubility assay and PAMPA

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relevancy of the high throughput solubility assay and permeability assay to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). Solubility and permeability were measured by high throughput solubility assay (HTSA) and parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA), respectively. High throughput solubility assay was performed using simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid without bile acid (SIF, pH 6.8). We categorize 18 drugs based on the BCS using HTSA and PAMPA. Fourteen out of 18 drugs were correctly classified (78% success rate). The result of the present study showed that HTSA could predict BCS class with a high success rate, and PAMPA could also be useful to predict the permeation of drugs.     

Soil–Pile Response to Blast-Induced Lateral Spreading. I: Field Test

Two full-scale experiments using controlled blasting were conducted in the Port of Tokachi on Hokkaido Island, Japan, to assess the behavior of a single pile, a four-pile group, and a nine-pile group subjected to lateral spreading. The test piles were extensively instrumented with strain gauges to measure the distribution of bending moment during lateral spreading which allowed the backcalculation of the loading conditions, as well as the assessment of damage and performance of the piles. Based on the test results, it was concluded that using controlled blasting successfully liquefied the soil, and subsequently induced lateral spreading in the 4–6% surface slope test beds. The free-field soil displacements in the vicinity of the test piles were over 40 cm for both tests. When compared with the results from the single pile case, the effect of pile head restraint from the pile cap improved overall pile performance by decreasing the displacement of the pile groups and lowering the maximum moments in individual piles within each group. Finally, backcalculated soil reactions indicated that the liquefied soil layer imparted insignificant force to the piles. In the companion to this paper (Part II), an assessment of the potential of using the p–y analysis method for single piles and pile groups subjected to lateral spreading is presented.     

固体废弃物在超/近临界水中连续分解装置的研制

利用超／近临界水具有的特性,探索固体废弃物在超／近临界水中的再资源化技术。由于固体废弃物料在高温高压水中连续分解的反应装置。固体物料与水混成浆料供给反应器,解决了某些固体物料向高温高压反应器中的连续输送问题,浆料的固含量可达10％（wt）以上。并对模式物质——纤维素和木质素;实物——米糠、豆腐渣和稻壳等进行了连续分解实验,运行结果稳定。本工作证实了通过将固体废弃物与水混成浆料的方式,实现固体废弃物在超／近临界水中连续处理的可能性。     

Suppression of short channel effects by full inversion in deep sub-micron gate SOI MOSFETs

Classical modeling of fully inverted SOI MOSFET (FI MOSFET) has been performed. In FI MOSFETs, the top Si layer is thinner than the thickness of the inversion layer at the conducting state and so the depleted region in the top Si layer is completely eliminated. It was found that the gate electric field induces carriers in the channel more effectively in FI MOSFET than in the fully depleted SOI MOSFETs (FD MOSFET), so that the short channel effects can be suppressed significantly.     

Efficient production of a heterologous peroxidase, DyP from Geotrichum candidum Dec 1, on solid-state culture of Aspergillus oryzae RD005

The productivity of a peroxidase (DyP) originating from Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 was enhanced in the solid-state culture using Aspergillus oryzae RD005. When the humidity, water content, and temperature were adjusted to 60%, 50% and 27°C, respectively, the productivity of DyP reached 5.3 g per kilogram wheat bran, which was used as the solid medium. The yield of 5.3 g per kg wheat bran corresponded to the yield of a 56 kg submerged culture. The productivity per gram carbon of the medium in the solid-state culture was 4.1-fold that in the submerged culture.     

Polarimetric Borehole Radar System for Fracture Measurement

Radar polarimetry is a technology that overcomes the limitation between the radar resolution and the penetration depth of borehole radar. We have developed a stepped-frequency polarimetric borehole radar system. This is a polarimetric borehole radar system which measures the full-radar polarimetry in a borehole by changing the antenna arrangements. By using a network analyzer and an optical analog signal link, this system has a frequency bandwidth of 2–500MHz, which is suitable for two different antennas for radar polarimetry. We also propose a technique for polarimetric antenna calibration. In order to understand the potential of polarimetric borehole radar, field measurement were carried out at the Mirror Lake fractured-rock research site (NH, USA). The radar penetration depth from the borehole in the reflection measurement was over 10m, at the frequency range of 2–402MHz. We observed many clear reflections from fractures in each polarization status. Even in the raw data, we found the differences in the radar profile for different polarization status. We believe the polarimetric feature is closely related to the roughness of each fracture, and it is also related to the physical properties of the fracture such as water permeability.     

Structural assembly effects of Pt nanoparticle–carbon nanotube–polyaniline nanocomposites on the enhancement of biohydrogen fuel cell performance

In this work, we designed various polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites with platinum (Pt) nanoparticle-decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), employed them as anodic catalysts, and studied their structural assembly effects with regard to enhancing biohydrogen fuel cell performance. Of two proposed structures, the PANI/Pt/MWCNTs multilayer nanocomposites showed superior electrocatalytic activities in the hydrogen oxidation reaction and in fuel cell power density relative to the Pt/MWCNTs@PANI core–shell design. These enhancements were attributed to the active interface formed between the Pt nanoparticles and polyaniline nanofibers, where the higher electronic and ionic conductivities of the thin PANI nanofiber layers in contact with Pt active sites were better than with the PANI bound Pt/MWCNTs. We also investigated the change in the electronic state of the composites and the charge-transfer rate caused by varying the structural assembly. Finally, the role of each catalyst component was examined to understand its individual effect on fuel cell performance and to understand its structural assembly effect on enhanced power density.     

Lymphatic absorption of structured glycerolipids containing medium-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid,and their effect on cholesterol absorption in rats

The effects of various structured triglycerides containing medium-chain (caprylic or capric acids) and long-chain (linoleic acid) fatty acids on fatty acid and cholesterol absorption were studied in lymph-cannulated rats. A considerable portion of capric and caprylic acid was absorbed through the lymph duct, although to a lesser extent than was linoleic acid. Capric and linoleic acid located at the 2-position of 2-decanoyl-1,3-dilinoleoyl-glycerol (18∶2/10∶0/18∶2) and 2-linoleoyl-1,3-didecanoyl-glycerol (10∶0/18∶2/10∶0), respectively, tended to be absorbed more efficiently than those located at the 1- and 3-position or those from tricaprin (10∶0/10∶0/10∶0) or trilinolein (18∶2/18∶2/18∶2). A similar trend was observed when the medium-chain fatty acid was caprylic acid instead of capric acid. Caprylic acid absorption from 2-octanoyl-1,3-dilinoleoylglycerol (18∶2/8∶0/18∶2) was significantly greater (p<0.05) than from 2-linoleoyl-1,3-dioctanoyl-glycerol (8∶0/18∶2/8∶0) or tricaprylin (8∶0/8∶0/8∶0). Preferential absorption of caprylic and linoleic acid was not observed when the 1 to 2 and the 2 to 1 mixtures of 8∶0/8∶0/8∶0 and 18∶2/18∶2/18∶2, respectively, were administered. The structured lipids did not affect the lymphatic absorption of cholesterol. The results suggest that structured triglycerides composed of medium-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid may be more useful for the treatment of lipid malabsorption than are mixtures of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long-chain triglycride (LCT).     

Effects of oleic,arachidonic and 5,8,11,14-nonadecatetraenoic acids on lipid secretion and ketogenesis in perfused rat liver

The effects of perfused oleic (18∶1n−9), arachidonic (20∶4n−6) and 5,8,11,14-nonadecatetraenoic (19∶4n−5) acids on triglyceride and cholesterol secretion and ketone body production were studied in isolated rat liver. As compared to oleic and 19∶4n−5 acids, both ketone body production and triglyceride secretion were significantly lowered when arachidonic acid was perfused. The concentration of triglyceride in the post-perfused liver was lower upon perfusion with arachidonic acid than upon perfusion with oleic acid or 19∶4n−5 acid. Cholesterol secretion in the liver perfused with arachidonic acid or 19∶4n−5 acid was significantly higher than with oleic acid. The concentration of cholesterol in the post-perfused liver was slightly but significantly higher with 19∶4n−5 acid than with the other fatty acids. The results suggest that 19∶4n−5 acid when compared with arachidonic acid affects lipid metabolism in liver differently.